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Convenors:
Prof. Peter L. Patrick
Language & Linguistics
University of Essex
Wivenhoe Park
Colchester
CO4 3SQ
Essex, UK
+44 (0) 1206 872088

Prof. Monika Schmid Language & Linguistics University of Essex & University of Groningen
+44 (0) 1206 872089  

Dr. Karin Zwaan
Centre for Migration Law Radboud University Nijmegen P.O. Box 9049
6500KK Nijmegen
the Netherlands
+31 24 361.2934

E-mail: larg@essex.ac.uk

LADO Bibliography

bookshelf photoThis is intended as a resource for research or best-practice in LADO. This page welcomes new contributions, corrections and information - please send to the LARG email address at left. While most entries are in English, we are happy to remedy that by including appropriate works in other languages.  Please also visit the individual profiles of members of the Advisory Panel for their own publications, with some entries annotated.

What is here, and what isn't

We wish to include all literature directly on LADO itself, which is a new and growing area of research and practice. Not all items here are academic publications. There is potentially a much larger list taking in wider aspects of language and asylum - e.g. including discourse studies of mass-media treatment of asylum issues, etc. - which we do not attempt to cover here. We do however attempt, less systematically (because the task is large and open-ended), to provide some references of a more general nature that may be useful for LADO practitioners, but make no effort at completeness here. LARG does not vouch for the correctness of materials listed on this page. Entries are organised under these headings:

  1. LADO

  2. Specific languages/families/areas

  3. Methodology/Forensic linguistics/Expert practice

  4. General references

 

LADO references

  • Arends, J.T.G. 2003. On the use of language analysis in asylum cases involving pidgin/creole speaking West Africans in the Netherlands. Paper presented at meeting of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Languages, Honolulu, August 2003.
  • Baltisberger, E. and S. Favaro-Buschor. 2007. When informants don’t want to inform: How to get relevant data in the particular context of Linguistic Analyses for the Determinatoin of Origin (LADO). In M.T. Turell,  M. Spassova & J. Cicres (eds.), Proceedings of the second European IAFL Conference on Forensic Linguistics/ Language and the Law.
  • Baltisberger, Eric & Priska Hubbuch. 2010. LADO with specialized linguists: The development of Lingua’s working method. In P Muysken, M Verrips & K Zwaan, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp9-19. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Blommaert, Jan. 2001. Investigating narrative inequality: African asylum seekers’ stories in Belgium. Discourse & Society 12/4: 413-449.
  • Blommaert, Jan. 2008. Grassroots Literacy: Writing, Identity and Voice in Central Africa. London: Routledge.
  • Blommaert, Jan. 2009. Language, asylum & the national order. Current Anthropology 50(4): 415-41.
  • Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge University Press.
  • Broeders, A.P.A. 2010. Decision-making in LADO: A view from the forensic arena. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 51-60. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Cambier-Langeveld, T. 2010a. The role of linguists and native speakers in language analysis for the determination of speaker origin. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 17(1): 21-34. [Also see 2012 below]
  • Cambier-Langeveld, T. 2010b. The validity of language analysis in the Netherlands. In P Muysken, M Verrips & K Zwaan, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp21-33. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Cambier-Langeveld, T. 2012. The role of linguists and native speakers in language analysis for the determination of speaker origin. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 17(1): 67-93.
  • Campbell, John. 2013. Language analysis in the United Kingdom's Refugee Status Determination system: Seeing through policy claims about ‘expert knowledge’ . Ethnic and Racial Studies 36(4): 670-690. [online copy]
  • CORI 2010. Challenges and Commonalities in Providing Objective Evidence for Refugee Status Determination. University of Westminster, 10-11 June 2010. Conference programme and report (fc.). www.cori.org.uk
  • Corcoran, Christine. 2004. A critical examination of the use of language analysis interviews in asylum proceedings: A case study of a West African seeking asylum in the Netherlands. In International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law: Forensic Linguistics, 11(2):  200-221.
  • Craig, Sarah. 2012. The use of language in asylum decision-making in the UK - a discussion. Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law 26(3): 255-268. (Oxford UP: Westlaw)
  • Detailleur, J.N. 2010. Shibboleth aan de poort: de theorie van de taalanalyse als middel kerkomstbepaling in de Nederlandse asielprocedure versus de praktijk van een Soedanese Arabisch-sprekende asielzoeker met vermeende Nuba-achtergrond. Doctoral thesis, Dept. of Middle East Studies, University of Leiden.
  • Dikker, S. & Verrips, M. 2004. Taalanalyse: een vak apart. Onderzoeksrapport. Monnickendam: De Taalstudio.
  • Eades, D, H Fraser, J Siegel, T McNamara and B Baker. 2003. Linguistic identification in the determination of nationality: A preliminary report. Language Policy 2(2): 179-199.
  • Eades, Diana & Jacques Arends, eds. 2004. Language Analysis and Determination of Nationality. In International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law: Forensic Linguistics, 11(2): 179-266.
  • Eades, Diana. 2005. Applied linguistics and language analysis in asylum seeker cases. Applied Linguistics 26(4): 503-526.
  • Eades, Diana. 2007. Review of The Asylum Speaker: Language in the Belgian Asylum Procedure by Katrijn Maryns. Manchester, UK: St Jerome Press. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 14(2): 295-300.
  • Eades, Diana. 2009. Testing the claims of asylum seekers: The role of language analysis. Language Assessment Quarterly 6: 30-40.
  • Eades, Diana. 2010a. Guidelines from linguists for LADO. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp35-41. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Eades, Diana. 2010b. Language analysis and asylum cases. In Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, edited by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson. London: Routledge, 411-422.
  • FOM 2008. Swiss Federal Office for Migration in Lausanne workshop programme, 23-4 July 2008. www.bfm.admin.ch/bfm/en/home/themen/laenderinformation/sprachanalysen.html 
  • Foulkes, Paul & Kim Wilson. 2011. Language analysis for the determination of origin: An empirical study. Proceedings of the 17th ICPhS (International Congress of Phonetic Sciences).
  • Fraser, Helen. 2009. The role of 'educated native speakers' in providing language analysis for the determination of the origin of asylum seekers. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 16(1): 113-138.
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  • Fraser, Helen. 2011a. Language analysis for the determination of origin (LADO). In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Fraser, Helen. 2011b. The role of linguists and native speakers in language analysis for the determination of speaker origin: A response to Tina Cambier-Langeveld. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 18(1): 121-130.
  • Graaf, Anna de & Carolien van den Hazelkamp. 2006a. Language analysis as a method to determine national origin in asylum cases. Thema's en trends in de Sociolinguïstik, Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 76: 101-110.
  • Graaf, Anna de & Carolien Van den Hazelkamp. 2006b. Useful and reliable data for language analysis. In T. Koole, J. Nortier & B. Tahitu (Eds.), Artikelen van de Vijfde Sociolinguïstische conferentie, pp. 199-208.  Delft: Eburon.
  • Hopp, H. & Schmid, M.S. 2013. Perceived foreign accent in L1 attrition and L2 acquisition: the impact of age of acquisition and bilingualism. Applied Psycholinguistics 34(2): 361-394.
  • Hubbuch, Priska & Helen Walker. 2010. Lingua interviewers. Workshop paper given to Gothenburg Workshop on Language Analysis. 22 Nov 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • Jacquemet, Marco. 2005a. The registration interview: Restricting refugees’ narrative performances. In M Baynham & A De Fina (eds.) Dislocations/relocations: Narratives of displacement. Manchester: St. Jerome, 197-220.
  • Jacquemet, Marco. 2005b. Transidiomatic practices: Language and power in the age of globalization. Language and Communication 25: 257-277.
  • Jacquemet, Marco. 2009. Transcribing refugees: The entextualization of asylum seekers' hearings in a transidiomatic environment. Text and Talk 29(5): 525-546.
  • Kulk, F. 2008. Taalanalyse. Schending van equality of arms? In K. Zwaan (ed.), De taalanalyse in de Nederlandse asielprocedure. Een juridische en linguïstische verkenning, 73-105. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • LNOG - Language and National Origin Group. 2004. Guidelines for the use of language analysis in relation to questions of national origin in refugee cases. In International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 11(2): 261-66. [Available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/]
  • Lingua. 2010. Analyses of origin: Reactions from the academic world and further development. Swiss Federal Office for Migration, LINGUA unit. Dated 15 Feb 2010. [Available at www.bfm.admin.ch/content/bfm/en/home/themen/migration_analysen/sprachanalysen/lingua/reaktionen.html]
  • Maryns Katrijn, & Jan Blommaert. 2001. Stylistic and thematic shifting as a narrative resource: Assessing asylum seekers’ repertoires. Multilingua: 20-1, 61-84.
  • Maryns, Katrijn & Jan Blommaert. 2002. Pretextuality and pretextual gaps: On re/defining linguistic inequality. Pragmatics 12/1: 11-30.
  • Maryns, Katrijn. 2004. Identifying the asylum speaker: Reflections on the pitfalls of language analysis in the determination of national origin. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(2): 240-260.
  • Maryns, Katrijn. 2005a. Monolingual language ideologies and code choice in the Belgian asylum procedure. Language & Communication 25: 299-314.
  • Maryns, Katrijn. 2005b. Displacement in asylum seekers’ narratives. In M Baynham & A De Fina (eds.), Dislocations/relocations: narratives of displacement. Manchester: St. Jerome, 174-93.
  • Maryns, Katrijn. 2006. The asylum speaker: Language in the Belgian asylum procedure. Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Maryns, Katrijn. 2009. Versluierde meertaligheid in de Belgische asielprocedure. In J Jaspers, De klank van de stad. Leuven: Acco, 81-101.
  • McNamara, Tim. 2005. 21st century Shibboleth: Language tests, identity and intergroup conflict. Language Policy 4(4): 351-370.
  • McNamara, Tim & Carsten Roever. 2006. Language testing: The social dimension. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • McNamara, Tim & Elana Shohamy. 2008. Language tests and human rights. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 18(1): 89-95.
  • McNamara, Tim, Carolien van den Hazelkamp & Maaike Verrips. 2010. Language testing, validity and LADO. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 61-71. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
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  • Meyer, Liliane. 2006. Sprachanalysen zur Herkunftsbestimmung im Asyl- und Ausländerbereich. Kriminalistik 11, p. 708-712.
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia. 2010. IAFPA position on language analysis in asylum procedures. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 43-47. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia. 2011. Evaluation of the speech behaviour of reference speakers. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 18(1): 179-205.
  • Morgades, Silvia. 2010. The asylum procedure in Spain: The role of language in determining the origin of asylum seekers. In P Muysken, M Verrips & K Zwaan, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp159-175. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Muysken, Pieter. 2010. Multilingualism and LADO. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp89-98. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Ngom, Fallou. 2008. Forensic language analysis in asylum applications of African refugees: Challenges and promises. In Niyi Afolabi, Toyin Falola & Aderonke A. Adesanya (eds.), Migrations and creative expressions in Africa and the African Diaspora, 219-237. Durham NC: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Noll, Gregor. 2010. The 2007 rejection of anonymous language analysis by the Swedish Migration Court of Appeal: A precedent? In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 211-213. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Patrick, Peter L. 2008. Sociolinguistic principles & issues of expertise in the Language Analysis process. Workshop on Linguistic Analyses in the Asylum Procedure, organised by Swiss Federal Office for Migration. 23-4 July 2008, Lausanne.
  • Patrick, Peter L. 2010a. Language analysis of asylum applicants: Foundations, guidelines and best practice. UK Economic & Social Research Council grant proposal (RES-451-26-0911).
  • Patrick, Peter L. 2010b. Language variation and LADO (Language Analysis for Determination of Origin). In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp73-87. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Patrick, Peter L. 2012. Language analysis for determination of origin: Objective evidence for refugee status determination. In Peter M. Tiersma & Lawrence M. Solan, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 535-546.
  • Pinxter, A. 2010. Het instrument taalanalyse in de Nederlandse asielprocedure. Asiel- & Migrantenrecht 2010: 72.
  • Pretto, Claudia. 2010. The use of language analysis in the Italian asylum procedure. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp187-197. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Reath, Anne. 2004. Language analysis in the context of the asylum process: Procedures, validity and consequences. Language Assessment Quarterly 1(4): 209-233.
  • Rienzner, Martina. 2011. Interkulturelle Kommunikation im Asylverfahren. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Rietkerk, D. 2005. The use of spontaneous or elicited loan words in determining national origin/socialisation in cases of languages spoken in more than one country: a procedure. Paper presented at the 7th Biennial Conference of the International Association of Forensic Linguists, Cardiff, July 2005.
  • Rooij, Vincent A. de  2010. Language analysis for the determination of origin: A look into problems presented by East and Central African cases. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 133-144. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Rosenhouse, Judith. 2010. LADO and Arabic: The case of Iraqi Arabic as an introduction to the Middle East. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 145-156. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Schmid, Monika. 2011. Treacherous shibboleths: Language as an indicator of origin. Inaugural address to the Faculty of Letters, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 7 June 2011.
  • Simo Bobda, AS, H-G Wolf, & P Lothar. 1999. Identifying regional and national origin of English-speaking Africans seeking asylum in Germany, Forensic Linguistics 6(2): 300–19.
  • Singler, John Victor. 2004. The ‘linguistic’ asylum interview and the linguists’s evaluation of it, with special reference to applicants for Liberian political asylum in Switzerland. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11: 222-239.
  • Tax, Blanche. 2010. The use of expert evidence in asylum procedures by EU member states - the case for harmonised procedural safeguards. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 225-232. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Thije, Jan D. ten. 2007. Taalanalyse in een meertalige asielprocedure. In themanumer ‘In Gesprek’. Toegepaste taalkunde in Artikelen, 71-84. Appeared also in Zwaan, Karin (red.), De taalanalyse in de Nederlandse asielprocedure. Een juridische en linguïstische verkenning. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 121-135.
  • Thije, Jan D. ten. 2008. Language politics at European borders: The language analysis interview of asylum seekers in the Netherlands. In Georges Lüdi, Kurt Seelmann, Beat Sitter-Liver (Eds.), Sprachenvielfalt und Kulturfrieden Sprachminderheit – Einsprachigkeit – Mehrsprachigkeit: Probleme und Chancen sprachlicher Vielfalt. Fribourg: Paulus-Verlag / Academic Press und Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 227-251.
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  • Thije, Jan D. ten. 2009. Stellingname contra-expertise. [Legal report concerning the prerequisites for reliable contra-expertise in the Netherlands.] http://www.jantenthije.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/tenthije-statement-taalstudio-010709.pdf
  • UDI 2009a. Specified requirements for language analysis for the Norwegian Immigration Administration. Oslo, Utlendings Direktoratet: 8 July 2009.
  • UDI 2009b. Contract Notice and Specified Requirements for Language Analysis. Oslo, Utlendings Direktoratet: 8 July 2009.
  • UKBA 2009. Guidance on Language Analysis. UK Border Agency. [Accessed 16 Jul 2010]. http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/asylumprocessguidance/miscellaneous/guidance/languageanalysis.pdf?view=Binary
  • Vanheule, Dirk. 2010. The use of language analysis in the Belgian asylum procedure. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp177-185. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Vedsted-Hansen, Jens. 2010. The use of language analysis in the Danish asylum procedure. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 199-207. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Verrips, Maaike. 2008. Taalanalyse en contra-expertise bij De Taalstudio. In K. Zwaan (red.), De taalanlayse in de Nederlandse asielprocedure. Een juridische en linguïstische verkenning. Wolf Legal publishers, Nijmegen.
  • Verrips, Maaike. 2010. Language analysis and contra-expertise in the Dutch asylum procedure. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 17(2): 279-294.
  • Verrips, Maaike. 2011a. Betrouwbare taalanalyse: een contra-expertise. In Asiel en Migrantenrecht, 2011 (1), p. 24-27.
  • Verrips, Maaike. 2011b. LADO and the pressure to draw strong conclusions: A response to Tina Cambier-Langeveld. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 18(1): 131-143.
  • Wilson, Kim. 2009. Language analysis for the determination of origin: Native speakers vs. trained linguists. MSc dissertation in Linguistics, University of York.
  • Zwaan, Karin (ed.) 2008. De taalanalyse in de Nederlandse asielprocedure. Een juridische en linguïstische verkenning. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Zwaan, Karin. 2010. Dutch court decisions and language analysis for the determination of origin. In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 43-47. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
  • Zwaan, Karin, Pieter Muysken & Maaike Verrips, eds. 2010. Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.

88

Specific languages/families/areas

Most works here have actually been cited as general linguistic references in LADO reports or the LADO literature.

  • Al-Wer, Enam. 2002. Jordanian and Palestinian dialects in contact: Vowel raising in Amman. In Mari Jones & Edith Esch (eds.), Language Change. The interplay of internal, external and Extra-linguistic factors, 63-79. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Al-Wer, Enam. 2003. Variability reproduced: A variationist view of the Daad/Dhaa opposition in modern Arabic dialects. In K. Versteegh, M. Haak & R. de Jong (eds) 2003, Approaches to Arabic Dialectology, 21-31. Amsterdam: Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Aygen, Gülsat. 2007. Kurmanji Kurdish. Munich: Lincom Europa.
  • Bendor-Samuel, John T. (ed). 1989. The Niger-Congo languages. University Press of America.
  • Childs, George Tucker. 2003. An Introduction to African Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  • Corcoran, Christine. Fc. "Tok Af, Lef Af": An investigation of  the dialectic relationship of language ideologies and discursive practice in conflict resolution meetings of Sierra Leonean communities in Chicago & Washington, DC. PhD, Univ of Chicago.
  • Creissels, Denis. 1983. Éléments de grammaire de la langue mandinka. Grenoble: Université des Langues et Lettres.
  • Crystal, David. 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Deuber, Dagmar. 2005. Nigerian Pidgin in Lagos. London: Battlebridge Publications.
  • Dwyer, David J. 1998. The place of Mande in Niger-Congo. In I Maddieson & TJ Hinnebusch (eds.), Language history and linguistic description in Africa. Africa World Press, pp. 27-36.
  • Fafunwa, AB. 1980. Teaching of Liberian languages in schools: Republic of Liberia. UNESCO FMR/ ED/SCM/80/113, PP/1979-80/1/5.4/03  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000413/041349eb.pdf
  • Faraclas, Nicholas. 1996. Nigerian Pidgin. London: Routledge.
  • Friedländer, Marianne. 1992. Lehrbuch des Malinke. Leipzig: Langenscheidt Enzyklopädie.
  • Fyle, Clifford N & Eldred D Jones. 1980. A Krio-English dictionary. Oxford University Press.
  • Haspelmath, M, Dryer, M, Gil, D, Comrie, B (eds). 2008. World Atlas of Linguistic Structures: Online. MPI Digital Library. http://wals.info.
  • Heine, Bernd & Derek Nurse (eds.). 2000. African languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heine, Bernd & Derek Nurse, eds. 2008. A linguistic geography of Africa. Cambridge University Press.
  • Holm, John A. & Peter L. Patrick, eds. 2007. Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel outlines of 18 Creole grammars. London: Battlebridge Publications.
  • Huber, Magnus. 1999. Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African context. A socio-historical and structural analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • JFFM [Joint British, Danish & Dutch Fact-finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya]. 17-24 Sep 2000. Report on Minority Groups in Somalia. www.nyidanmark.dk 
  • Jungraithmayr, H & A Abu-Manga. 1989. Einführung in die Ful-Sprache. Berlin: D Reimer.
  • Lamberti, Marcello. 1986. Map of Somali dialects in the Somali Democratic Republic. H. Buske.
  • Lazard, Gilbert. 1975. The rise of the New Persian language. In Frye, R.N. (ed), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lewis, M. Paul, ed. 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 16th ed. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/
  • Luling, Virginia. 2009. Note on the Ashraf. Unpublished mss.
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  • Maho, Jouni, et al. 2008. Web resources for African languages. www.africanlanguages.org
  • Miller, Catherine, Enam Al-Wer, Dominique Caubet & Janet C.E. Watson, eds. 2007. Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation. Routledge.
  • Moreno, M. 1953 Il dialetto di Ashraf di Mogadiscio. Rassegna di studi etiopici 10:99-107.
  • Mutaka, Ngessimo M. 2000. An Introduction to African Linguistics. München: Lincom.
  • Ngom, Fallou. 2000. Phonetic and phonological description of Mandinkakan as spoken in Ziguinchor. Studies in African linguistics. Munich: Lincom Europa Academic Publishers.
  • Ngom, Fallou. 2003. Wolof. (Linguistic Description.) Studies in Sociolinguistics 05. Munich: Lincom Europa Academic Publishers.
  • Nurse, Derek & Thomas Spear. 1985. The Swahili: reconstructing the history and language of an African society, 800-1500. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Peace Corps. 1985. Krio language manual (rev. ed.). Sierra Leone: Peace Corps.
  • Saeed, John I. 1999. Somali. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Schmied, Josef. 1991. English in Africa: An Introduction. London: Longman.
  • Singler, John V. 1997. The configuration of Liberia’s Englishes. World Englishes 16: 205-231.
  • Singler, John V. 1999. On the marking of temporal sequencing in Vernacular Liberian English. In JR Rickford & S Romaine (eds.), Creole Genesis, Attitudes and Discourse, 337-52. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  •  Singler, John V. 2000. Optimality theory, the minimal-word constraint, and the historical sequencing of substrate influence in pidgin/creole genesis. In J McWhorter ed., Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles, 335-352. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  • Singler, John V. 2004a. Liberian Settler English - phonology. In A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology, ed. Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W Schneider, Clive Upton, Rajend Mesthrie & Kate Burridge. (Topics in English Linguistics, ed. Bernd Kortmann & Elizabeth Closs Traugott.) Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 65-75.
  • Singler, John V. 2004b. The morphology and syntax of Liberian Settler English. In A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol 2: Morphology and Syntax, ed. Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W Schneider, Clive Upton, Rajend Mesthrie & Kate Burridge. (Topics in English Linguistics, ed. Bernd Kortmann & Elizabeth Closs Traugott.) Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 879-897.
  • Singler, John V. 2006. Positioning Vernacular Liberian English relative to West Africa's other Pidgin Englishes. In Francis Ebgokhare & Clement Kolawole (eds.), Globalization and the future of African languages, 139-161. Ibadan: Ibadan Cultural Studies Group.
  • Voeltz, F.K.Erhard. 2005. Studies in African Linguistic Typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Welmers, William. 1973. African language structures. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Woldemikael, Tekle M. 2003. Language, education and public policy in Eritrea. African Studies Review 46(1): 117-136.
  • Yillah, Sorie M & Christine Corcoran. 2007. Krio (Creole English), or Sierra Leonean. In JA Holm & PL Patrick, eds., Comparative Creole Syntax, 175-198.

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Methodology/Forensic linguistics/Expert practice

Many works below have been cited in LADO reports as authorities on method and/or best practice.

  • AIT 2007. Practice directions, sec. 8A. London: UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal.
  • British Psychological Society Research Board. 2008. Guidelines on Memory and the Law: Recommendations from the Scientific Study of Human Memory. www.bps.org.uk.
  • Butters, Ronald R. 2009. The forensic linguist’s professional credentials. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 16(2): 237-252.
  • Dixon, RMW. 2010. Basic Linguistic Theory, vol. 1: Methodology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Fraser, Helen. 2003. Issues in transcription: Factors affecting the reliability of transcripts as evidence in legal cases. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 10(2), 203-226.
  • Fraser, Helen. 2010. Transcripts in the legal system. In I. Freckelton & H. Selby (eds.), Expert Evidence (Chapter 100). Sydney: Thomson Reuters.
  • Good, Anthony. 2004. “Undoubtedly an expert”? Anthropologists in British asylum courts. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10: 113-133.
  • Labov, William. 1972. Some principles of linguistic methodology. Language in Society 1: 97-120.
  • Li Wei & Melissa Moyer, eds. 2008. Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism and multilingualism. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Maryns, Katrijn. 2011 (in press). Multilingualism in legal settings. In M Martin-Jones, A Blackledge and A Creese (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism. London: Routledge.
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  • Olsson, John. 2008 (2nd ed.). Forensic Linguistics. London: Continuum.
  • Robinson, W.P. 1996. Deceit, delusion and detection. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications
  • Shuy, Roger. 1998. The language of confession, interrogation, and deception. Sage Publications.
  • Shuy, Roger W. 2006. Linguistics in the courtroom: A practical guide. Oxford UP.
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General references

  • Arends, J, P Muysken & N Smith, eds. 1994. Pidgins & creoles: An introduction. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
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169   rev 06-9-13